VEREENZELVIGING IN HET RECHTSPERSONENRECHT

Alleen in zeer uitzonderlijke situaties

Bij misbruik van rechtspersoonlijkheid kan door de rechtspersoon worden heengekeken. Misbruik van identiteitsverschil tussen twee rechtspersonen is in de regel aan te merken als een onrechtmatige daad. Voor de toewijzing van een op dit leerstuk gebaseerde vordering moet dan ook aan alle elementen van een onrechtmatige daad zijn voldaan. Bij vereenzelviging worden twee of meer rechtspersonen als één rechtseenheid aangemerkt, in die zin, dat zij in gelijke mate (hoofdelijk) zijn verbonden voor dezelfde handelingen en verbintenissen. Overigens is, zoals hierna zal blijken, ook denkbaar dat een natuurlijke persoon met een rechtspersoon wordt vereenzelvigd. Zie verder mijn …
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21
Oct 2016
CATEGORY

Corporate

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CARIBISCH JURISTENBLAD

Nu ook op Facebook

Het Caribisch Juristenblad verscheen eerder onder de naam TAR Justicia. Vanaf 1985 werd dit tijdschrift in eigen beheer uitgegeven door de stichting Tijdschrift voor Antilliaans Recht Justicia. Het Caribisch Juristenblad wordt thans uitgegeven door Boom Juridisch en heeft tot doel een bijdrage te leveren aan de rechtsontwikkeling in Aruba, Curaçao en Sint Maarten en in Bonaire, Saba en Sint Eustatius.

Sinds enkele maanden heeft het Caribisch Juristenblad ook een eigen Facebookpagina. Handig om te ‘liken’ en zo op de hoogte te blijven van de nieuwste publicaties.

(29 juli 2016)

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29
Jul 2016
CATEGORY

Legal

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THE ENFORCEMENT OF A JUDGEMENT BY THE COURTS IN ST. MAARTEN

Judgments are immediately enforceable most of the time

According to Article 55, par. 1 of the St. Maarten Code of Civil Procedure, opposition (in the case of a default judgment) or appeal (in the event of adversarial proceedings) prevent the enforcement (execution) of a judgment unless the decision is ‘enforceable notwithstanding opposition or appeal’ a.k.a. a judgment which is declared ‘immediately enforceable’ (uitvoerbaar bij voorraad is verklaard).

The submission of an appeal results, therefore, in a stay of execution, unless the first-instance court, on a motion by one of the parties, has declared its judgment enforceable even if it is …
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16
Jul 2016
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Legal

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OVERZICHT PRIVAATRECHTELIJKE RECHTSPERSONEN

Aruba, Curaçao, St. Maarten en de BES-eilanden

Aruba

Aruba kent de naamloze vennootschap (NV), de Aruba Vrijgestelde Vennootschap (AVV), de Vennootschap met Beperkte Aansprakelijkheid (VBA), de vereniging, de coöperatieve vereniging, de onderlinge waarborgmaatschappij en de stichting. De NV is geregeld in het Wetboek van Koophandel van Aruba en daarin is sedert 1 juli 1988 ook de AVV geregeld. Op 1 januari 2009 is de VBA geïntroduceerd met het van kracht worden van een gelijknamige landsverordening. Bij de VBA is het mogelijk om te kiezen voor een monistisch (one tier) of dualistisch (two tier) bestuursmodel.

De vereniging is geregeld in de …
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19
Apr 2016
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CHAMBERS GLOBAL 2016 LEGAL RANKINGS RELEASED

Karel Frielink ranked Band 1 again

Once again I have been selected as a ranked lawyer in Chambers Global 2016 identifying me as one of the best lawyers in the Dutch Caribbean (click here).

The Chambers Guides have been ranking the best law firms and lawyers since 1990, and now cover 185 jurisdictions throughout the world. Chambers ranks lawyers and law firms on several factors and considerations, all of which are investigated by their large team of more than 140 researchers. Today, Chambers and Partners released the 2016 edition, also covering the Dutch Caribbean.

Individual lawyers are …
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17
Mar 2016
CATEGORY

Legal

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PRELIMINARY RELIEF PROCEEDINGS

When a case needs an urgent decision

The procedure for provisional measures in summary proceedings (kort geding), a.k.a. preliminary relief proceedings or interlocutory proceedings, is an interim injunction procedure before the court. Such proceedings, under Dutch Caribbean law, are aimed at obtaining temporary instructions from the court, not at receiving a final decision in the case.

These proceedings are characterized by their more or less summary character and their relatively quick nature. There is a clear relationship to a procedure on the merits, which always may be instituted and sometimes even must be followed. Provisional measures that are prescribed in …
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11
Mar 2016
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Legal

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THE BINDING EFFECT OF JUDGMENTS

Limited to the parties involved in the proceedings

Court decisions, even decisions by the Dutch Supreme Court, are not binding on courts when deciding future cases. However, the Code of Civil Procedure prevents parties from litigating twice on the same legal issue. The principle that a final judgment of a competent court is conclusive upon the parties in any subsequent litigation involving the same cause of action is known as ‘res judicata ’.

A Dutch court case is described below illustrating this principle: Utrecht District Court of 19 March 2009 (NJF 2009/291).

In initial litigation, the claimant had sought payment …
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02
Mar 2016
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Legal

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BRIBERY

A criminal act

With regard to anti-corruption the Criminal Codes of Aruba, Curaçao, St. Maarten and the BES-islands include criminal acts such as fraud, bribery and abuse of authorities. The bribery offence closely resembles the bribery provisions under the Dutch Criminal Code. The Codes also stipulate regulations on criminal acts committed by judges, ministers, members of Parliament and civil servants. Amendments were introduced to the Criminal Code specifically to implement the Anti-Bribery Convention. The bribery offences in the Criminal Codes mirror very closely those in the Dutch Criminal Code.

The relevant anti-bribery provisions are integrated in the Dutch Caribbean Criminal …
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25
Feb 2016
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Legal

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CONSULTATIE CODE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE NEDERLAND

Commissie presenteert voorstel

De (Nederlandse) Monitoring Commissie Corporate Governance Code heeft vandaag een zogeheten consultatiedocument gepresenteerd. Daarin staan voorstellen voor herziening van de Nederlandse corporate governance code.

Alle belanghebbenden en geïnteresseerden worden uitgenodigd om een reactie uit te brengen op dit consultatiedocument en deel te nemen aan het publieke debat omtrent de herziening van de Code. Het doel is om met de verkregen input en bevindingen uit de consultatiefase te komen tot een herziening van de Code.

Kennisneming van de voorstellen (dat kan door hier te klikken) kan ook voor de discussies in Aruba, Curaçao en St. …
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11
Feb 2016
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Corporate

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TRADE-BASED MONEY LAUNDERING

More Trade Transparency Units Needed

Smuggling and trade fraud are on the rise, according to Viêt Nam News (27 October 2015). The Telegraph reports that the authorities in China have arrested 21 people on suspicion of defrauding almost one million Chinese investors of 50bn yuan (£5.3 billion) after an online peer-to-peer lender turned out to be a giant Ponzi scheme (1 February 2016). Money laundering and fraud seem to be on the increase. Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML) is one of the big threats facing us today.

According to Premium Times (21 December 2015; Read the rest »

02
Feb 2016
CATEGORY

Legal

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CONSOLIDATED BANKRUPTCY

Creditors, stay alert!

Aruba, Curaçao, St. Maarten and the BES-islands (Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba) will together be referred to as the Dutch Caribbean, although each has its own set of laws.

Bankruptcy in general serves the purpose of liquidating assets of a particular person or legal entity and distributing the proceeds among the combined creditors. Sometimes, several companies belonging to one and the same group of companies go bankrupt. In principle, the trustee in bankruptcy has to administer and liquidate the assets of each of the bankrupt estates individually.

When multiple companies of the same group go bankrupt, it …
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01
Feb 2016
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Legal

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DISCHARGING THE MANAGEMENT BOARD

Only for matters evident from the accounts

The shareholders of a Dutch Caribbean limited liability company (NV or BV) may provide a discharge (décharge) to members of the management board for matters evident from the annual accounts, or matters otherwise made known to the general shareholders meeting. This is a standard item on the agenda for shareholders meetings at which a company’s annual accounts are adopted.

The aim of this discharge is that the company generally has no longer a legal cause of action against a management board member.

The effect of a discharge is limited. A discharge does not …
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18
Jan 2016
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Corporate

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