GOVERNMENT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (III)
The government is not automatically an ‘ordinary’ shareholder
It is obvious that in a small community such as that of Curacao, with only a limited choice when it comes to directors and supervisory directors to be appointed, and in which (family, social) networks seem to play an important role in making choices, there is a field of tension. It is even more important therefore that government has a clear vision regarding its shareholdership and that there are good and transparent procedures, e.g. regarding the appointment of directors and supervisory directors.
Does the obligation exist for the government to, briefly stated, …
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GOVERNMENT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (II)
Government (not) at a distance?
Being a director of a government-owned company is certainly not always as easy. Neither is being a shareholder in a government-owned company. The directors will usually complain about too much influence from politicians, while the politicians will usually find that they have too little grip on government-owned companies. In this connection, there are two important topics we will have to consider briefly.
I will ignore cultural aspects here. In that respect see e.g. chapter 8 of the dissertation of A. van Marrewijk, Internationalisation, cooperation and ethnicity in the telecom sector, Delft: Uitgeverij Eburon 1999, 340 …
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GOVERNMENT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (I)
For Hobbes, it is certain that there must be a sovereign
According to Thomas Hobbes we all have natural passions that carry us to, among other things, partiality, pride, and revenge. The laws of nature, as Hobbes sees them, including ‘justice’, ‘equity’, ‘modesty’, and ‘mercy’, are contrary to our passions. Therefore, we will only observe the laws of nature if we have fear of some power to cause them to be observed. According to him, covenants, without the sword, are but words that lack every strength to protect a person.
See Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Amsterdam: Boom 2007, p. 207 and …
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CURACAO COURT INTERVENES IN POLITICAL APPOINTMENT
Political appointments unacceptable
The Court of First Instance of Curacao passed judgment on 23 January 2012 in the case of Selikor N.V. versus Drs. Ivar Asjes (JOR 2012, 105). This case is a follow-up to the judgment of the Joint Court of Appeal of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba of 10 August 2010, JOR 2010, 296. In a nutshell the case boils down to Asjes being appointed as the managing director of waste processor Selikor N.V., but that this is an appointment pushed through politically without an open job application procedure. This deprived at least six of Selikor’s members of …
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INQUIRY PROCEDURE IN CURACAO
Important court decision for the local trust practice
On 30 March 2012 the first petition for an inquiry procedure under the new law was dealt with by the Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curacao and St. Maarten, and of Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba. Karel Frielink and Dinesh Mishre had the honor of acting as lawyers for the defense … and with success! This decision is very important for the companies in Curacao and especially for the local trust offices.
As of 1 January 2012 the amended Corporate Code (Book 2 Civil Code) of Curacao entered into force. The …
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INQUIRY PROCEDURE INTRODUCED IN CURACAO
The Joint Court is the forum of choice for corporate disputes
As per January 1, 2012 the amended Corporate Code (Book 2 Civil Code) of Curacao entered into force. The new legislation introduces a so-called inquiry procedure for, amongst others, limited liability companies. The inquiry procedure (a.k.a. investigation proceedings) can result in a court ordered investigation into the affairs of a corporation.
Shareholders of such a corporation (i.e. an NV or BV) may file a petition with the Joint Court of Justice of Aruba, Curacao and St. Maarten, and of Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba (the ‘Joint Court’). Pursuant to …
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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BAD HABITS
Letter to the editor of The Daily Herald
Dear Editor,
According to Leroy de Weever (DP), he doesn’t need a Corporate Governance Council to come tell him how to do his job. He wants to disband the Corporate Governance Council as soon as possible.
Corporate governance rules were designed to protect companies from politicians, in particular from the government. Government-owned companies should be kept out of the political sphere as much as possible, so that they may benefit from commercial, businesslike and market-oriented management. In doing so, they also run less of a risk of being milked …
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LEGAL MERGERS IN CURACAO
The Curacao Civil Code provides for a simplified merger procedure
The acquisition of a business enterprise may take place through the purchase of shares (take-over), the purchase of assets and liabilities or a legal / statutory merger. The Curacao Legal Code on corporate and other legal persons contains detailed provisions for mergers of companies limited by shares (NV) and private limited companies (BV).
Basically, a legal merger entails the absorption of one legal entity by another in exchange for shares, or even without such exchange. The absorbed entity ceases to exist. A legal merger requires a notarial deed. Legal mergers …
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THE CURACAO MEMBER-MANAGED COMPANY
The right form for small businesses
Until March 1, 2004 only manager managed companies were known. According to the current Curacao Civil Code, the articles of a company may provide that such company be a member managed company, which is a company without a board of directors. The shareholders (members) are then in charge of the company, including its day-to-day affairs. A member managed company is suitable for smaller companies, e.g. family businesses, with only one or a few shareholders.
If such designation is absent in the articles of a company, the company will be a manager managed company. The designation …
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THE CURACAO PRIVATE FOUNDATION
A Private Foundation can be used for tax planning and asset protection The Curacao Private Foundation was introduced by the National Ordinance Regarding Foundations as published on October 31, 1998. Since March 1st, 2004, these rules are laid down in Book 2 of the Curacao Civil Code. The Private Foundation possesses corporate personality but does not have share capital. The Private Foundation is incorporated by deed executed before a Curacao public notary and is registered in the Register of Foundations at the Curacao Chamber of Commerce. The object of the Private Foundation may include a number of activities, and is …
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THE ANNUAL ACCOUNTS OF A LARGE CURACAO COMPANY
Stricter rules for large companies
Under Curacao law the annual accounts of limited liability companies which do not qualify as so called large companies, need to be prepared in accordance with generally accepted standards and shall provide sufficient insight as to enable a sound judgment to be formed regarding the assets and the results and, to the extent the nature of the annual accounts so permit, regarding the solvency and liquidity of the company (article 2:116 (4) Curacao Civil Code). This is comparable to the principles of good business practice (goed koopmansgebruik).
For large companies the legislator chose a tighter …
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GRANTING DISCHARGE TO MANAGING DIRECTORS
Discharge is not bankruptcy proof
The Civil Codes of Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Bonaire do not contain provisions specifically dealing with discharging managing directors from liability. Neither is there conclusive Dutch Caribbean case law available yet.
Managing directors of a limited liability company (NV or BV) can be discharged from their liability towards the company. Managers can be discharged of liability by an express shareholders’ resolution, however the articles of many companies contain a provision stating that approval of the annual accounts by the shareholders’ meeting discharges the managing director from his/her liability towards the company with regards to the …
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