AANSPRAKELIJKHEID VAN DE COMMANDITAIRE VENNOOT
De Hoge Raad mag zich erover uitlaten
Eerst een stukje Nederlands recht. Een commanditaire vennootschap (CV) is een contractuele rechtsbetrekking tussen twee of meer (rechts)personen tot uitoefening van een bedrijf onder gemeenschappelijke naam, waarbij op basis van inbreng vermogensrechtelijk voordeel wordt nagestreefd. De CV (met meerdere beherende vennoten) is dan ook een bijzondere vorm van de vennootschap onder firma (VOF). Die bijzonderheid bestaat hierin, dat de bedrijfsuitoefening mede voor rekening van één of meer stille vennoten (commandieten) geschiedt, die slechts risico lopen tot het bedrag van hun inbreng. De CV wordt dan ook wel ‘vennootschap bij wijze van geldschieting’ genoemd.
DE HOGE RAAD GAAT OM
Faillissement VOF betekent niet automatisch faillissement vennoten
Decennia lang moest worden vastgehouden aan de regel dat het faillissement van een vennootschap onder firma (VOF) tevens het faillissement van de individuele vennoten betekende (HR 14 april 1927, NJ 1927, blz. 725).
Bij arrest van 6 februari 2015 is de Hoge Raad echter omgegaan en heeft in een zaak die in Nederland speelde geoordeeld dat voor deze koppeling geen rechtvaardiging (meer) bestaat (ECLI:NL:HR:2015:251). De Hoge Raad motiveert het nieuwe standpunt als volgt:
3.4.1 Een vof heeft geen rechtspersoonlijkheid. Zij is een bij overeenkomst aangegane rechtsverhouding strekkende tot de uitoefening van een bedrijf …
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KAREL FRIELINK NEW FRAUDNET MEMBER
Global network that can help victims
Karel Frielink has been appointed member of FraudNet for all six islands of the Dutch Antilles. FraudNet is a worldwide network of lawyers specialized in asset tracing and recovery. Set up in 2004 by the anti-crime arm of the International Chamber of Commerce, FraudNet currently numbers 70 members present in 62 countries, providing victims of fraud with the possibility of retaining the best asset recovery professionals in the targeted jurisdictions.
Following strict criteria set by its member-elected Standards …
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ADVOCATEN EN BELANGENVERSTRENGELING
Een advocaat moet onafhankelijk zijn
Van een advocaat wordt verwacht dat hij onafhankelijk is. Bij die onafhankelijkheid gaat het om een houding: de instelling van de advocaat tegenover zijn cliënt, maar ook tegenover het gerecht en in feite tegenover elke andere betrokken partij. Hij behoort de belangen van zijn cliënt te behartigen en zich niet door zijn eigenbelang te laten leiden. Hij mag evenmin de belangen behartigen van anderen als die in strijd zijn met het belang van zijn cliënt.
In de Gedragsregels voor Advocaten wordt dit uitgangspunt als volgt omschreven: “De advocaat mag zich niet met de behartiging van …
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ICC FRAUDNET
The leading specialist international network of fraud and asset recovery lawyers
Organized and operating under the auspices of the Commercial Crime Services of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), FraudNet is a 24/7 international rapid deployment force that pries open the vault of bank secrecy and helps victims locate and recover their stolen assets with the same cyber powered speed, stealth, reach and proficiency as the most sophisticated global fraud network.
Fraudsters meet their match in FraudNet’s experienced team of civil asset recovery lawyers, investigators and forensic accountants, who creatively wield their own sophisticated legal and investigative tools to trace …
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OFFERING SECURITIES FROM CURACAO AND ST. MAARTEN
About the obligation to publish a prospectus
The legal regulations in connection with the law providing for financial supervision are materially identical in Curaçao and Sint Maarten. For convenience sake we will mainly refer to Curaçao below.
The search for a prospectus requirement in the law on supervision will be in vain. The National Ordinance on the Supervision of Investment Institutions and Administrators (Landsverordening toezicht beleggingsinstellingen en administrateurs: ‘Ltba’) prohibits everybody in Section 3 subsection 1 from asking or obtaining in or from Curaçao funds or other assets in order to participate in an investment institution – which has not …
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ELECTRONIC MONEY INSTITUTIONS IN ARUBA
A license is required
The European Central Bank defines e-money as follows (a non-legal definition): “E-money can be defined as any amount of monetary value represented by a claim issued on a prepaid basis, stored in an electronic medium (for example, a card or computer) and accepted as a means of payment by undertakings other than the issuer, predominantly for small-value transactions (for example, the settlement of modest transactions over the Internet and of parking or telephone charges and payment for public transport services).” (Electronic Money Institutions. Current trends, regulatory issues and future prospects. Legal Working Paper Series, No. 7/2008).
ASSET PROTECTION IN CURACAO
Curaçao: a jurisdiction not to be missed
A Curaçao private foundation or a trust is often used for asset protection and privacy purposes. The Curaçao private foundation and the Curaçao trust must be set up by a notarial deed executed before a civil law notary in Curaçao. Both the private foundation and the trust are a very flexible solution for asset protection and privacy purposes. A private foundation, for instance, can be easily implemented in international holding structures through Curaçao and is very suitable for family asset protection. By means of a letter of wishes or provisions in the articles …
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THE CURACAO TRUST
Can be used as protected or segregated cell company
On 1 January 2012, new legislation entered into force according to which it is now possible to set up a trust (Curacao Trust) similar to the trust in Anglo-Saxon common law jurisdictions. The introduction of the Curacao Trust serves as an important instrument which could be used within financial transactions in the Caribbean as a significant part of these transactions are initiated from common law jurisdictions.
The Curacao Trust can be used for different purposes, such as, for example:
CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN CURACAO INSOLVENCY LAW (part 8)
Final remarks
The receiver can be faced with a multitude of conflicting interests. Often he will be able to reach a weighing of interests relatively quickly and without many problems, but sometimes he has to balance on a thin bankruptcy tightrope. In doing so the law offers him hardly any support and neither does case law due to it being strongly case-based, although there is the reassuring fact that from a liability point of view many of his decisions should ‘only’ be able to bear a limited review.
However, the receiver personally being faced with a conflict of interest, which …
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CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN CURACAO INSOLVENCY LAW (part 7)
Conflicting interests in connection with consolidated business operations
When multiple companies of the same group go bankrupt, it can be of major importance for a creditor of one of these companies to know how the winding up is developing of one or more of the other companies. Particularly when a consolidated bankruptcy is involved, the creditors will have to be alert. In connection with a consolidated bankruptcy, there will in actual fact be one single joined estate. If this is the case, in the various bankruptcies one single joint creditors’ meeting must be held of which all the creditors of …
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CONFLICTING INTERESTS IN CURACAO INSOLVENCY LAW (part 6)
Conflicting interests of different bankruptcy estates
The management of different but associated bankruptcy estates can be entrusted to one and the same person who therefore is appointed several times as receiver. In this connection group relationships come to mind. It is true that in connection with different estates with one and the same person as receiver, companies not affiliated in a group also come to mind, but this will probably not often occur. Regularly, (members of) groups go bankrupt (for instance RSV, OGEM, DAF, Fokker, Infotheek Groep, Bredero, Text Lite, Mediasafe, Medicopharma, Palthe, Verto, Wyers, HCS, UPC, Van der Moolen, …
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